mesh voltages at earthing grids buried in multi-layer soil

expressions for the mesh voltages caused by earth fault currents leaking from earthing grids buried in uniform, two- and three-layer soils are proposed based upon the examination of a large set of grids and soil structures using the finite element approach. simple empirical correction factors are developed to modify the mesh voltage formulae for uniform soil to take into account the multi-layer soil structure. a comparative analysis of available expressions for uniform and two-layer soils is performed in order to check their applicability in various cases.