ratcheting and wrinkling of tubes due to axial cycling under internal pressure: part i experiments

under compression, pressurized tubes thick enough to deform plastically buckle into an axisymmetric wrinkling mode. the wrinkle amplitude is initially small but with persistent compression grows inducing a gradual reduction in axial rigidity and eventually causing a limit load instability, which is followed by collapse. the onset of buckling and collapse can be separated by a strain level of a few percent. this work investigates whether a tube that develops small-amplitude wrinkles can be subsequently collapsed by persistent axial cycling. part i presents the results from a set of experiments on super-duplex tubes with d/t of 28.5 loaded as follows. a tube is pressurized and then compressed into the plastic range to a level that initiates wrinkling. it is then cycled under stress control about a compressive mean stress while the pressure is kept constant. the combined loads cause simultaneous ratcheting in the hoop and axial directions as well as a gradual growth of the wrinkles. at some stage the amplitude of the wrinkles starts to grow exponentially with the number of cycles n leading to localization and collapse. the rate of ratcheting and the number of cycles to collapse depend on the initial compressive pre-strain, the internal pressure, and the stress cycle parameters all of which were varied sufficiently to generate an adequate data base. interestingly, in all cases collapse was found to occur when the accumulated average strain reached the value at which the tube localizes under monotonic compression. a shell model coupled to a specially calibrated plasticity model that can reproduce the biaxial ratcheting exhibited in the problem are presented in part ii. the model is first evaluated by comparison to the experiments and then used to study parametrically cyclic loading histories seen in buried pipelines.