three-dimensional vortex flow near the endwall of a short cylinder in crossflow: stepped-diameter circular cylinder

the effect of geometry on the flow around a cylinder in crossflow is investigated in this study. three different stepped-diameter circular cylinders (sdcc s) with varying step heights are used. extensive flow visualization using the oil-lampblack and smoke-wire techniques and near wake velocity measurements using a hotwire anemometer reveal complex secondary flows on and around the sdcc. six vortices are observed in the horseshoe vortex system near the cylinder–endwall junction and six additional vortices are found in the step-induced vortex system on the step surface. based on these experimental results, new secondary flow models are proposed. the step-induced vortices separate from the step surface at both sides and move toward the endwall, washing down the sides of the top/bottom larger diameter cylinders and interact with the separated shear layer and horseshoe vortices. in this process, they modify the near wake flow significantly: they produce an increase in velocity near the endwall region (below the step) and a decrease in velocity near the mid-span region, even altering the oscillatory behavior of the wake.