removing molybdate from water using a hybridized zero-valent iron/magnetite/fe(ii) treatment system

 

batch tests were conducted to investigate molybdate removal in a hybridized zero-valent iron/fe₃o₄/fe(ii) system (hzvi) in comparison with a conventional zvi system. the hybrid system was created by employing a nitrate-fe²⁺ pretreatment method to coat the zvi grains with a magnetite (fe₃o₄) surface and produce some discrete magnetite particles through a rapid zvi-nitrate reaction. the co-presence of zvi, fe₃o₄, and fe(ii) species created a highly reactive system. molybdate, a corrosion inhibitor, could not be effectively removed in a zvi-only system. with the addition of f²⁺_aq, molybdate removal was moderately accelerated in a zvi/fe(ii) system, possibly through the formation of fe(ii)–molybdate–iron oxide complex. in an hzvi system with magnetite and f²⁺_aq , molybdate was rapidly and sustainably removed via rapid reduction of mo(vi) to lower valences, during which 1.1 mol f²⁺_aq was consumed per 1 mol molybdate removal. while zvi is the primary electron source for the redox reaction, magnetite may serve as an e−-conducting medium and host molybdate reduction reaction. externally-supplied fe²⁺ is essential to maintaining magnetite as the iron corrosion product and thus the high reactivity of zvi surface. this study suggests that the hzvi system could overcome zvi surface passivation problem and thus provide an effective chemical platform to harness the reactivity of zvi for molybdate and potentially other water contaminants removal.