biomechanical modeling of eye trauma for different orbit anthropometries

in military, automotive, and sporting safety, there is concern over eye protection and the effects of facial anthropometry differences on risk of eye injury. the objective of this study is to investigate differences in orbital geometry and analyze their effect on eye impact injury. clinical measurements of the orbital aperture, brow protrusion angle, eye protrusion, and the eye location within the orbit were used to develop a matrix of simulations. a finite element (fe) model of the orbit was developed from a computed tomography (ct) scan of an average male and transformed to model 27 different anthropometries. impacts were modeled using an eye model incorporating lagrangian–eulerian fluid flow for the eye, representing a full eye for evaluation of omnidirectional impact and interaction with the orbit. computational simulations of a little league (cd25) baseball impact at 30.1 m/s were conducted to assess the effect of orbit anthropometry on eye injury metrics. parameters measured include stress and strain in the corneoscleral shell, internal dynamic eye pressure, and contact forces between the orbit, eye, and baseball. the location of peak stresses and strains was also assessed. main effects and interaction effects identified in the statistical analysis illustrate the complex relationship between the anthropometric variation and eye response. the results of the study showed that the eye is more protected from impact with smaller orbital apertures, more brow protrusion, and less eye protrusion, provided that the orbital aperture is large enough to deter contact of the eye with the orbit.