numerical study of mixed convection in an inclined two sided lid driven cavity filled with nanofluid using two-phase mixture model

mixed convection of a nanofluid consisting of water and sio2 in an inclined enclosure cavity has been studied numerically. the left and right walls are maintained at different constant temperatures while upper and bottom insulated walls are moving lids. two-phase mixture model has been used to investigate the thermal behaviors of the nanofluid for various inclination angles of enclosure ranging from θ = − 60° to θ = 60°, volume fraction from 0% to 8%, richardson numbers varying from 0.01 to 100 and constant grashof number 104. the governing equations are solved numerically using the finite-volume approach. results are presented in the form of streamlines, isotherms, distribution of nanoparticles and average nusselt number. in addition, effects of solid volume fraction of nanofluids on the hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics have been investigated. the results reveal that addition of nanoparticles enhances heat transfer in the cavity remarkably and causes significant changes in the flow pattern. besides, effect of inclination angle is more pronounced at higher richardson numbers.