numerical simulation of boiling enhancement on a microstructured surface

significant efforts have been made to augment nucleate boiling by surface modification with micro-machined structures, but a general predictive approach for heat transfer enhancement has not yet been developed. in this work, complete numerical simulations are performed for boiling enhancement on a microstructured surface by employing the sharp-interface level-set method, which is modified to handle the contact angle and the evaporative heat flux from the liquid microlayer on an immersed solid surface. the effects of cavity diameter and surface modification such as concentric grooves and multi-step cavities on bubble growth and boiling heat transfer are investigated.