non-destructive characterization of microdamage in cortical bone using low field pulsed nmr

the microcracking and damage accumulation process in human cortical bone was characterized by performing cyclic loading under four-point bending at ambient temperature. a non-destructive nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spin–spin (t₂) relaxation technique was applied to quantify the apparent changes in bone porosity as a function of cyclic loading and prior damage accumulation, first to unloaded cortical bone to quantify the initial porosity and then to fatigued cortical bone that was subjected to cyclic loading to various levels of modulus degradation and microdamage in the form of microcracks. the nmr t₂ relaxation time and amplitude data of the fatigued bone were compared against the undamaged state. the difference in the t₂ relaxation time data was taken as a measure of the increase in pore size, bone porosity or microcrack density due to microdamage induced by cyclic loading. a procedure was developed to deduce the number and size distributions of microcracks formed in cortical bone. serial sectioning of the fatigued bone showed the formation of microcracks along the cement lines or within the interstitial tissue. the results on the evolution of microdamage derived from nmr measurements were verified by independent experimental measurements of microcrack density using histological characterization techniques. the size distribution and population of the microcracks were then utilized in conjunction with an analytical model to predict the degradation of the elastic modulus of cortical bone as a function of damage accumulation.